Determinants of Intra-industry Trade

Determinants of Intra-industry sightIntra-industry pot has been growing rapidly in the past three decades. The main characteristic for intra-industry hand is countries present moment and export same kind of favourables but different aims of quality. Likewise, in intra-industry trade, the goods exchanged argon not accurate substitutes. Many studies suggest that to a greater extent specialized trade structure and more than developed countries lead to higher(prenominal) intra-industry trade. Menon (1996) found that in Malaysia and capital of Singapore there was more than 60 percent of the growth in the intra-ASEAN trade in the period of 1986 and 1991 was because of the intra-industry trade growth.Based on the David Ricardos economic theories, different countries hire their relative advantage in different manufacture exertion. Of which, individual regions or countries will specialize in drudgery and thereby export goods that can be produced with comparatively cheaper price th an other countries. Increasing in returns and noncompetitive competition bring additional possibilities for intra-industry trade among countries.Intra-industry trade usually will takes place in the countries that have similar social structure and economical. Meanwhile, the draw factors that affecting intra-industry trade are yield differentiation, human ceiling intensity and economies of scale (Hu Ma, 1999). In a related study, Krugman (1979) developed new theoretical framework which qualify from the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, they introducing models of monopolistic competition that determine increasing returns to scale and the demand of consumers for the varieties of tell apart products as key drivers of intra-industry trade. Besides, Duc (1994) also determined that economic size and capital endowment are important determinants of Intra-industry trade.According to the Thorpe and Zhang (2005), the supply-induced exit on economies of scale ensures production in grea t volumes of differentiated products. It is because in order to meet consumers demand for more variety, the manufacturers can take advantage of economies of scale in production then specializes in production of a variety product. Furthermore, the manufacturers in larger economies will have larger domestic securities industry and more resources. Thus, there is higher possibility for investors to enjoy the economies of scale in production and accession the production of differentiated products.Bernatonyte and Normantiene (2007) mention that intra-industry is important for the changes of economy of a state. Intra-industry trade exploits economies of scale and stimulates innovation. Besides, it changes the structure of goods and nature of supranational trade in the way of increasing specialization and the increases of the variety of goods throughout differentiated products. Consumers have more choices of goods and the countries can gain benefits from larger markets. Therefore, they concluded that intra-industry is more beneficial than inter-industry trade since intra-industry trade.However, besides of economies of scale and product differentiation, there is also a lot other determinants that can influence the intra-industry trade. Thorpe and Zhang (2005) and Hirschberg, Sheldon and Dayton (1994), identified that there is a positive relationship between economy size and the intra-industry trade. They concluded that economic size of a country can influence the volume of trade.Other than that, the difference in the economies size of trading partners outlines the ability of a country to produce differentiated products. With different sizes of economies, larger economy have the higher demand for differentiated products and they can take advantage of economies of scale to export large volumes of differentiated products and meanwhile, the smaller country are forced to import those differentiated products since they not able to benefit from economies of scale in their own production.Moreover, kaliph (1996) states that there is a positive relationship between the economic bareness and intra-industry trade. The ASEAN countries have different level of openness. She concluded that countries with menialer openness, such as Myammar and Indonesia, are expected to have less participation in intra-industry trade in ASEAN. In contract, the higher openness of Malaysia and Singapore are expected to contribute more in intra-industry trade.During the period of 1986 to 1990, there was more than half of ASEANs manufacturing trade is carried out under intra-industry type. The openness to foreign investment in Malaysia in the late 1980s had led to a rapid increase in foreign capital, which main on the manufacturing sector and results the expansion of trade in differentiated products. apart(predicate) from that, Singapore is also a very open and competitive country. It has generally lowest tariff barriers among ASEAN countries, followed by Malaysia and other c ountries. Singapore generated a high level of intra-industry trade since 1970s and it was traded heavily with Malaysia since then. Nonetheless, it is found that low openness country, Indonesia had very low level of intra-industry trade during the 1970s but slowly increased in the 1980s.As mentioned by Khalifah (1996) the intra-industry trade between Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia are more in modal(a) goods compared to consumer goods. Indonesias intra industry trade is mainly intermediate goods such as primary and processed fuels and lubricating substance whereas Singapores intra-industry trade consists mainly of electronic goods, refined petroleum products, copolymerization, polymerization and natural dick latex, which in among the top 13 import-export products. This indicates that protectionist sentiment will be minimizes with AFTA since it is under the interest of producers and consumers to maintain set-apart trade environment.In addition, geographical closeness will result s the psychological and cultural similarities where increasing trade in differentiated products and having same consumption patterns. Thus, it is offsetting the effects of lower costs through economies of scale. Geographical distance is a natural international trade barrier. The transportation and information costs reduce the volume of intra-industry trade (Thorpe Zhang, 2005).Although, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore are located at different geography location and their residents have different preference demands. notwithstanding because these three countries are just located nearby for each other in Asia, they have really quite similar cultural and consumption pattern. Besides, the shorter distance and lower information costs allow them to trade to each other more easily.Therefore, there were already many years of bilateral trade narrative among these three countries. They import goods and services from countries that offer the lowest price, and export goods and services to countries that can receive highest price. This is good for both buyers and sellers in these three countries. The intra-industry trade is very important for all these three countries because the world having stingy resource, intra-industry trade can increase their residents standard of living.ReferencesBernatonytel, D. Normantiene, A. (2007). Estimation of Importance of Intra-industry Trade. Engineering frugals, 3(53), 25-34.Duc, N.H. (1994). Intra-industry trade among Asia-Pacific economies a shield study in econometric analysis. Economics Division Working Papers, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.Hirschberg, J.G., Sheldon, I.M., Dayton, J.R. (1994). An analysis of bilateral intra-industry trade in the food processing sector. Applied Economics, 26, 159-167.Hu, X., Ma, Y. (1999). supranational intra-industry trade of China. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135, 82-101.Khalifah, N. A. (1996). AFTA and Intra-industry Trade. ASEAN Ec onomic Bulletin, 12 (3), 351-368.Menon, J. (1996). The dynamics of IIT in ASEAN. Asian Economic Journal, 10, 10515.Thorpe, M. W. (1993). Intra-industry trade and ASEAN-The regard of Malaysia, The Philippines and Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, Florida State University College of Social Sciences, Florida USA.Thorpe, M. Zhang, Z. (2005). Study of the Measurement and Determinants of Intra-industry Trade in East Asia. Asian Economic Journal, 19(2), 231-247.