Climate Change Impact On Agriculture In Pakistan

Climate Change Impact On Agriculture In PakistanClimate change is a phenomenon that arises due to emissions of greenhouse gases from fuel combustion, deforestation, urbanization and industrialization, resulting variations in solar energy, temperature and presumption. (Upreti, 1999). It is a real threat to life which largely affects water resources, agriculture, coastal regions, freshwater habitats, vegetation, forests, snow cover, and geological processes such as melting, land sliding, desertification and floods entirely of which endure long-term affects on viands security and human health. (G.Malla.2008).Climate change is a global issue debated on at all fronts whether its political, economical or scientific. Climate must be prevented from further ill-treat. Before the end arrives, there is a assume on all levels of society to understand climate, the factors nates change and its impact on our agriculture and economy.It is a well known fact that agriculture is the backbone o f Pakistan. Agriculture and agri-related activities form 80% of the countrys economy. Agriculture is comparatively more sensitive to changes in climate, and can be impacted severely due to events such as untimely rainfalls, entire temperatures and carbondioxide concentrations. A need arises to tight observe the environment and take up requirement measures for tackling these challenges. This explore work is an attempt to address the issues and problems faced by Pakistans agricultural bea and find the necessary solutions.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMPakistans economy and prosperity is closely linked to its agriculture. Pakistans economic activities relate directly or indirectly to agricultural sector. Agricultural sector is myrmecophilous on nature. The uncertain changes in nature i.e. changing in hurry pattern, extremely high and low temperatures, cyclones, thunderstorms, variation in water level, impurification of air, water and soil, have made agriculture and agri-production a challenging issue. Unusual heavy rain storms in 2010, which resulted in floods and distortion of agriculture and property, are an example of climate change. The button to the economy and the people sufferings are still remembered and unforgettable. It is the need of the day to carefully observe climate change, the causes of extreme weather events and find the necessary solutions to the problems.Issues regarding susceptibility to extreme climate conditions should be addressed with seriousness to save Pakistans agricultural sector and consequently the national economy. This investigate study is an attempt in addressing and ultimately resoluteness the problems faced by Pakistans agriculture sector due to uncertain climate revolutionization.3. OBJECTIVESConsidering the importance of agricultural sector for the economy and food requirements of Pakistan, there is a need for reliable estimates of study crop production under varied climate change provisions and circumstances. Although climate is an immeasurable fact that is affected by mixed(a) factors i.e. Carbon dioxide concentration in atmosphere, temperature variations, precipitation range, water level, soil erosion, salinity etc. The factors that are directly effecting crop production are temperature and precipitation rates. This research study give analyze crop production with temperature and precipitation rates. The core purposes of this research study will be as under1. To observe the gallery of climate change from the last three decades i.e. from 1980 to 20102. To analyze temperature and rainfall, as the key factors effecting agricultural production, with the major cash crops and food crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa3. To investigate the probable impacts of modern and predicted future climate change on different crops production4. To scrutinize different adaptive strategies in coping with the catastrophic conditions of environment and improving the add together crops yield4. SIGNIFICANCEPakistan is a n agricultural country climate change impact on agricultural sector is a serious issue that demands immediate attention. This research study mainly focuses on the impact of climate change on agricultural sector of Pakistan such as untimely rainfalls and temperature variations that ultimately results in every prolonged droughts, unalarmed floods, increase in soil erosions and decrease in land productivity, which ultimately results in the migrations and desertification. The countrys socio-economic setup suffers the most that leads to a weak nation.The most upstart impact of climate change was seen in July 2010, when floods destroyed thousands of villages all over Pakistan. The greatest hit among them was Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK). The core purpose of this research study is to analyze the temperature and precipitation effects on agricultural produce in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. Major crops will be taken up in this regard, to analyze them in relation with temperature and precipitation from 1980 to 2010. Predictions of temperature and precipitation will help us adapt in the future with extreme cropping and harvesting seasons. Prevention can be done before chance strikes to safeguard the interest of a poor farmer.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONSThis research study will strive towards finding answers to the following questions1. Is there any potential damage ca apply by climate change to Pakistans economy as a whole and agriculture sector in particular?2. What are the impacts of 2010 floods on the production of major crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa?3. Are there any adaptative strategies to climate change that can help rural communities strengthen their capacity to cope with disasters?4. What should be the future land-management skills of farmers to climate change?5. What measures should be taken in the future to diversify the livelihood of the poor farmers?6. METHODOLOGYThe methodology to be adopted for this study will be as underMajor factors effecting climate change on agricultural sector are temperature and precipitation rates. According to the plant physiology literature, plant increment is a linear positive function of temperature, within a range of temperature between minimum and maximum thresholds (Ritchie and Smith, 1991). Keeping this in mind, the econometric model used for analyzing the climate impact on agricultural sector will employ both maximum and minimum temperatures, which are positively related to crops yield. Moreover, precipitation rates effecting crops yields will be captured by the relevant econometric and mathematical equations.The data regarding the temperature and precipitation variables will be obtained from Pakistan Metrological Department. The data for the total yield of various crops in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) will be attained from the Pakistan Federal Bureau of Statistics. Climate change trend will in any case be observed by pursue different econometric and statistical techniques and procedures. The econometric model used in th e research study will be analyzed with the help of econometric software program SPSS or SAS. The detailed analysis of the econometric models will be explained and conclusions will be drawn from it. The socioeconomic impacts on people as well as on the development of country will similarly be addressed. Future recommendations as well as the adaptive strategies for copping with extreme environment conditions will also be given.7. PROVISIONAL CHAPTER STRUCTUREThe proposed chapter structure of the study will be as underCHAPTER I Agriculture sector and its importance to the economy of Pakistan.CHAPTER II Climate change and its impact on Pakistan agricultural sector.CHAPTER III Agricultural production in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa as affected by the change in climatic conditionsReview of the major crops over the last three decades.CHAPTER IV Analysis and investigation of the major crops of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa with climate change factors, using Econometric techniques.CHAPTER V cogitate the stu dy various adaptability and compatibility strategies in relation to climate change will be discussed.8. LITERATURE REVIEWAgriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. higher(prenominal) temperatures ultimately reduce yields of desirable crops while encouraging weed and pest production. Changes in precipitation patterns elevate the short-run crop malfunction and declines long-run productions . Although there will be an increase in some crops production in some regions of the world, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expect to be negative, intimidating global food security.International Food Policy Research Institute (2009) conducted a study that concentrates on various agricultural sector issues in Asia and the Pacific. It presents indicators of painting, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of agriculture sector in the region. Those indicators underline the photograph of the agriculture sector as a source of livelihood and food security for many people . This study also represents vast heterogeneity in farming systems across Central, East, Southeast, and South Asia and the Pacific Islands. It also highlights many other aspects of vulnerability to climate change across the region that includes undernourishment, poverty and slow productivity., all of which are aggravated by the effects of climate change.Neil Leary and Jyoti Kulkarni, (2007), work is based on a combination of case studies from different regions of the world. These studies have debated climate vulnerability to impacts from climate variation and change. The potential outcomes from exposure to climate hazards and climate change are identified as high-level concern in these studies.. It includes water scarcity that retards progress towards development goals, exhalationes of entire ecosystems and their species, more frequent and greater loss of life in coastal zones, land degradation, food insecurity and famine, loss of livelihoods and increase in infectious disease epid emics. All of these are possible outcomes of exposure to climate hazards. It is a source of greater information as it has addressed climate change impacts on all fronts of life whether it is social, economic or political.capital of Chile Olmos (2001) provides an outline of adaptation issues, subject to climate vulnerability literature and climate discussions. This paper covers assessments of climate vulnerability in various regions of the world and developing countries in particular. The paper also discusses some of the existing resources that can be used to conduct climate vulnerability assessments and adaptation work.The current research work is whimsical in the sense that it will point out the impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector of Pakistan. More specifically, major areas of concern will be the climate impact on crops yields in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa over the last three decades. The direct and indirect social and economic impacts of climate change will also be anal yzed in this study. Adaptive and preventive measures in copping with extreme climate conditions will also be given in this research study.

A Summary Of Women In Prison Criminology Essay

A Summary Of Wowork force In Prison Criminology EssayWomens segment is one of the fastest growing segments of prison house house house house population all over the world, but especially in the United States. The increasing amounts of women be locked in prisons due to contrastive reasons. A lot of women in prisons atomic number 18 drug addicts who primitively took drugs to escape a life of difficulty and youngsterhood trauma. A lot of were caught being as mules in drugs trades. Also the main intermit of women in prison has been victims of domestic violence some time in their zippys. Nearly all of imprisoned women are from poor and working class families.Here are mediocre demographics of women in prison, presented by Anti-racist group Committee to End the Marion Lockdown. During the years 1980 and 1993, the fe anthropoid population of prison increased nearly 313%, at the same time men increase 182% during the same period. In 1993 the number of women was 5.8% of the total pri son population and 9.3% of the whole jail population.Women prisoners are divided like this Afri backside American women 46%, White women 36%, and Hispanic Women 14%.The majority of incarcerated women are poor. So 53% of women in prisons and 74% of women in jails were un apply in advance incarceration.The imprisoning of women has a large influence on her family. 67% of women in prisons are m early(a)s of children who are under 18. 70% of these women (and only 50% of men) had custody of their dependent children sooner imprisonment. Statistics shows that 6% of women are pregnant at the moment when they go to prison.A big amount of incarcerated women had domestic violence. 32% of imprisoned women (nearly 4,000 women) are in prisons because of murders of their husbands, ex-husbands or boyfriends.http//www-unix.oit.umass.edu/kastor/walking-steel-95/ws-women-in-prison.htmlWomen in prison suffer from violence, discrimination and other kind of injurists. It is known that 57% of impris oned women charter had severe and prolonged sexual and physical abuse. (3 Cristina Rathbone, A World Apart, haphazard House, May 2005, p. 22.). Being in prison, women are objects of sexual misconduct from correctional staff and other prisoners. (4 GAO report Women in Prison Sexual Misconduct by Correctional Staff June 1999, p.9).Men and women are alike subjected to imprisonment but little attention has been given to the various brings and problems of imprisoned women as remote to those of men. This omission whitethorn reflect the fact that women prisoners are a very small minority of the overall prison population only four pct worldwide.Throughout the world, the governings in prison are nearly always created for the majority male prison population and that is why they dont provide for the women needs.Female prisoners throw off disparate mental, physical, and emotional needs, not the same as men hold in. Prisons whitethorn be unable to passing adequate maternity and ante-na tal dish out, or appropriate access to powder-puff hygiene products. Women can have different needs relating to problems such as substance addiction, mental wellness, and anger management, sexual or physical abuse.Women in prisons have a high level of mental diseases and are to a greater extent(prenominal) in all probability to have been victims of all kinds of abuse than the general population and are at higher risk of self-harm and suicide. They whitethorn respond differently to security regimes and require slight harsh forms of physical restraint. In mixedsex prisons the security regime whitethorn be dis correspondenceately harsher for women because it is designed for men.Most women in prison are amazes and/or the main carer for children, thus it is particularly important that ways be lay out of helping them to check family ties.Research shows that custodial sentences are not appropriate for many women and not issueive in reducing pique or reoffending. The experience of imprisonment can have damaging effects for both bewilders and their children and can exacerbate mental health issues or problematic drug or intoxicant addiction among women in prison.So, here is a description of all levels of imprisonment, the description of womens life in prison and the destiny of children of women in prison.1. Arrest of a woman. Police officers whitethorn not ask whether the woman they are arresting has children or allow her time to explain to the children what is happening or make arrangements for their care. This increases the anxiety of both children and generates and makes the arrest more difficult for the officer.2. Pre- ladder detention. Women may be more likely to be placed in pre-trial detention than men. This is because on the indicators used to de margeine a persons likelihood of absconding before trial (such as secure employment and owning or renting property in ones own name) women tend to come out lower. Factors such as warmth responsibilities a re not withdrawn into account.Even if a woman is acquitted at trial, she may have lost her job, her home or her place on mental health or drug rehabilitation programs in the meantime. For children, having a yield placed in pre-trial detention has many of the same effects as having a mother imprisoned following conviction.3. Sentencing. Despite their statistically small proportion in the overall prison population, the rate of imprisonment of women is increasing rapidly. The reasons for this pop out to be changes in sentencing policy and law enforcement priorities, rather than a change in the amount or severity of crime in which women are involved. ghastliness of sentence. Attitudes towards women criminals may wind to harsher sentences, including imprisonment for offences for which men would not be imprisoned. Some discrimination against women reflects the social culture rather than specifically the criminal justice system of rules thus contravening social mores may lead to women being criminalised.Type of crime. In most countries, women are in prison for non-violent, property or drug offences. Generally, women have a lower involvement in serious violence, criminal damage and professional crime.Length of sentence. In many countries, a relatively high proportion of female prisoners appear to serve fairly short prison sentences. It should be borne in mind that a short sentence, for example six months, may be just as disruptive as a longer sentence for a woman prisoner, who may lose her children, her job, and her home as a outcome of the sentence.4. Prisons. The number, type, geographical location and distribution of national prisons will affect the quality of womens imprisonment. The provide in a coun deform is usually a practical numerate of the resources available, and as well as reflects the penal philosophy of that coun screen. Some factors are outlined below. pickle. Because there are fewer female prisoners there are fewer single-sex prisons for wome n. Women who are held in single-sex prisons are therefore more likely to be held long distances from their families and communities than men, making visiting and the maintenance of family ties more difficult. This is especially problematic for women who were the sole carers of dependent children before their imprisonment. It also affects other specific categories of female prisoners, such as juveniles, whose numbers are even smaller.Level of security. Levels of security in prison are mainly put in place to stop men escaping, which may mean that prisons are disproportionately harsher for women. In addition, the smaller number of womens prisons compared to mens means that there is less opportunity to provide institutions of different security classifications.The prisons regimes will be determined by the maximum security requirement, meaning that many women will be held jibe to a security classification that is stricter than could be justified by any assessment of the risk that they pose.Shared facilities. Women with diverse needs and a history of offending may be inappropriately held together under the same security regime. Sometimes women awaiting trial are held with women who have been sentenced, which is contrary to best practice. Women who are detained in prisons which also hold men may be required to share facilities and attend classes with male prisoners. This is not a suitable environment for women who have go through abuse or require strict separation from men.Overcrowding. Prisons are often overcrowded and offer reduced exercise facilities, and time spent out of cells. This pressure may also reduce the numbers of available rehabilitative programmes educational, vocational, counselling as well as of drug and alcohol dependency programmes.Education, training and work. Prisons may offer a range of educational and work opportunities compulsory work or voluntary work (either paid or unpaid). In single-sex prisons where there are few women, access to education, training and work opportunities may be severely limited. In mixed-sex prisons women may be required to attend classes or work with male prisoners. This may be unsuitable and even threatening for some women.In some countries, women prisoners are given traditionally feminine jobs, such as catering or sewing. This is not a problem if there is a market for such skills outside the prison but jobs should not be allocated simply because of the gender of the prisoner. Women whose children live with them in prison may not be able to work or take education courses if there are no childcare facilities. Opportunities for prisoners awaiting trial and sentenced prisoners may also differ significantly.5. Physical health health careGeneral health and health care. Women prisoners suffer poor physical and mental health at judge and with a severity far exceeding those of male prisoners or of women in the general population. Some of this may be related to the reasons why they have been imp risoned, for example drug use and hence drug dependency and associated health problems. Sexual abuse and exploitation of women before and during imprisonment can lead to gynaecological problems, HIV and other sexuallytransmitted diseases, motherliness, child-birth or abortion.Disease in prisons. Diseases and infections associated with overcrowding and poor health and hygiene conditions such as tuberculosis, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS, are additional risks for women in prisons.Drug alcohol addiction. Prisoners are more likely to suffer from drug/alcohol addiction than in the community at large. Existing research indicates that 75% of women who go to European prisons are already drug and alcohol users and that female prisoners are more likely to be addicted to harder drugs than male prisoners.Health care provision. Standards of health check care within prisons vary greatly both from country to country and from prison to prison. When health care facilities are outside the prison they ma y offer better standards of provision, but they may create other problems such asThe shame and discomfort for women of being taken there in prison clothing or in handcuffs, particularly if they have to wait in public areas within the hospital.Shortages of prison staff reducing the availability of escorts for women to attend hospital. mannish prison staff accompanying female prisoners and being present during medical consultations and examinations.Perceived lack of security in civilian institutions leading to women being shackled to beds, even during child-birth.Sexual health. Universally HIV among women prisoners is higher than in the general population.HIV positive women risk passing the disease onto their babies and unborn children. Womens high rates of drug addiction expose them to the risk of catching HIV through sharing needles.Female health hygiene. The prison may not provide for the hearty needs of women or women may have to pay for their own sanitary provision.Women who a re menstruating or going through the menopause need regular free-and-easy showers. It is humiliating for women to have to use washing and toilet facilities in the presence of others, most particularly during menstruation. They should also be able to change their bed linen frequently.Older women may go through the menopause while imprisoned, and their medical and/or psychological needs need to be identified and met at this time.They may also have particular health care needs such as hormone replacement therapy or food supplements.Pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnant women in prisons need special resources and attention to diet, exercise, clothing, medication and medical care.Prison is not an easy place to be pregnant and the inflexibility of a prison regime is incompatible with the needs and care of a pregnant body.It is more difficult to catch up on missed sleep and missed meals and hard to take baths or showers as often as needed.It may be difficult for the prison to transport pris oners to health care checks and scans, ante-natal classes and post-natal care.Ante-natal and post-natal care may not be seen as medical priorities by prison staff.It may be difficult for a prisoner to see a midwife.Alerting staff to a medical problem, even the onset of labour, may be difficult, particularly at night.The stress of imprisonment can have a deleterious impact on the festering of a pregnancy.Restraining pregnant women in the same way as other women prisoners may endanger both the woman and the fetus.6. Mental health. Mental health problems are more spread among women prisoners than in the prison for men or in the general prison. A lot of women have problems with lower-level of mental health, such as temperament disorder, which do not qualify them for a psychiatric bed. Such women may need access to treatments and therapy designed specifically for them, and even in women-only prisons conditions may not be ideal. Women can be extremely worried about what will happen to t heir children, especially in the early stages of detention. Research has suggested that this can exacerbate or bring on mental health problems.Depression, self-harm and suicide. Doctors are more likely to diagnose depression in women than in men (even when they have similar oodles on standardized measures of depression) and more likely to prescribe mood altering psychotropic drugs to women than to men. Outside prison men are more likely to rive suicide than women but the position is reversed inside prison, and self-harm in prison is a huge problem and more prevalent among women in prison.7. Violence and vulnerability. In those countries where all prisoners are vulnerable to torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, women (and juvenile female) prisoners are particularly at risk, both from male prisoners and from male prison guards. The place imbalance between prisoners and guards together with the closed nature of prisons provide opportunities for harassment, exploitation, abus e, prostitution, rape and indecent assault of female prisoners by staff, both male and female.They may also be subjected to abuse and exploitation from other prisoners, both male and female.Even in countries where this is not the case, such as in the UK, women prisoners are vulnerable to other prisoners. A high proportion of UK women prisoners tell that they feel unsafe.The issues about safety and security of female prisoners include Location of female cells in mixed prisons.Location and use of shared facilities, in particular showers and toilets.Whether male prison guards hold contact positions over female prisoners (posts which permit or require them to be in physical proximity to the prisoners, sometimes unsupervised by other, female, staff).Strip searches women prisoners as a group are more likely than other women generally and/or male prisoners to have experienced sexual assault this makes strip-searching especially traumatic for them.The existence or lack of effective supervis ion and complaints mechanisms which enable prisoners to complain without exposing them to intimidation or further abuse for example, seeing a doctor in the presence of guards means that violence towards and abuse of prisoners by guards is less likely to be reported by the prisoner.Women who are subject to sexual abuse or exploitation governing body the added problems relating to the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, the questions of pregnancy and child-birth or abortion, and all the associated physical, mental and emotional health issues.8. Mothers in prison. Most women in prison around the world are mothers. Women are more likely to be the sole or primary carer for children and this factor makes the prison experience significantly different for women. The effects of maternal imprisonment on their families are generally more disruptive than the effects of paternal imprisonment. This is not adequately recognized by the criminal justice system.Since the numbers o f women who are sent to a prison are rather low and the tendency to send women to prison for lesser nonviolent offences is increasing, so the woman herself can not understand the possibility of imprisonment as the outcome of her deeds. That is why the woman doesnt have the opportunity to make any preparations or provision for her kids before being taken into custody. Such fact can be a cause of additional stress for her and her kids.Prison visits from children. Visiting prisons can be a difficult and frustrating experience for children. So, locomotion for a long distance, entering a grim building, being searched, spending time in a harsh adult environment with a mother that one might not even be able to touch may be extremely distressing to a child. This in turn may make the childs carer less inclined to undertake this arduous task, as well as leaving the mother distraught and reluctant to have further visits from the child.Furthermore, the rude(a) carers may have their own family responsibilities, as well as financial constraints, which put strains on taking in additional children (leading to children moving from one carer to another) and in particular adding to the financial, time and emotional burdens of taking children to visit their imprisoned mother.Evidence suggests that the children of imprisoned mothers, and particularly those who are taken into state care during the mothers imprisonment, are at significantly greater risk of developing criminal behavior in adulthood than other children.9. Children of imprisoned mothers. The rights and best interests of the children of women prisoners are rarely considered during criminal justice processes, even though parental imprisonment has a major impact on their lives. There are three optionsThe child has to go to prison with the mother, and the importation of that.The child is separated from the mother, and the consequence of that.Where there is more than one child and they are treated differently i.e. one goe s to prison with the mother, the other is separated, and the consequences of that.Within all(prenominal) of these, there are then a number of matters to be considered which are encapsulated in the table overleaf.Children separated from their mother. Children left in the community may be looked after by their father, grandparents, other relatives or friends of the family, taken into state care or left without carers.Siblings may be separated from each other in order to make the situation not to difficult, or they may be taken into State institutions.A prisoner living in insecure or rented accommodation will usually lose this when s/he enters prison and getting accommodation when released is often difficult. A mother whose children have been placed in the care of the state or another person usually cannot reclaim custody without appropriate accommodation, so even a short prison term may lead to permanent separation of families.Registering details of prisoners children is not part of the reception procedure in many countries. Some prisoners may not get wind this information voluntarily for fear that their children will be permanently taken away from them. As a result, governments do not make social provision or policies which address the problem of children with incarcerated parents.The imprisonment of the mother has a great impact on the children it affects every aspect of their lives and not just the relationships with their mother. It feels the same as while the bereavement, but with less support, from the new carer, teachers, and other people. Children of imprisoned parents have an increased tendency to deliver aggressive and anti-social behaviour compared to the general population.Researchers have found that the effects of parental imprisonment can be serious. Studies of prisoners children consistently report that children experience a range of psychosocial problems during the imprisonment of a parent, including depression, hyperactivity, aggressive behav iour, withdrawal, regression, clinging behaviour, problems with sleeping and eating, travel rapidly away, truancy, low school grades and delinquency. The impact on the children will, of course, vary according to their age, surrounding family and community response, environment and individual character.Babies and children in prison. Some women may spend part or all of a pregnancy in prison and give birth while still serving their sentence. The bonding of an infant with her/his primary carer is inwrought for her/his long term emotional development and should be given high priority. If mothers give birth while serving their sentence, or are imprisoned when they have a baby or young child, that baby or young child may come into the prison to live with them. Special resources and facilities available to mother and babies in prison varies, but usually consist of accommodation within a specialized Mother and Baby Unit (MBU). Toys are sometimes provided for the children and the mother may have more freedom in terms of staying in an unlocked room, having access to a kitchen in which she can prepare food for the child etc.Because of the small number of women in prison who have children living with them, the number of MBUs is low, meaning that a mother may be imprisoned a long way from the rest of her family. This creates problems regarding prison visits and maintaining contact with any older children in the family. Additional concerns about babies and children living in prison are the effect this has on their development physical, mental and emotional.How long babies or young children can reside in prison with their mothers or even whether they can do so at all varies considerably across countries. The separation of mother and child can be a very traumatic experience for them both.Some countries try and make the separation process as gradual as possible, in order to ease the pain and trauma of separation.Babies and young children who are living in prison with their mother also require specialized health care. Women who know that their children will be removed from them shortly after birth may exhibit mental health problems and/or reject the baby or fail to bond with it.10. Maintaining links with family. When imprisoned mothers are the primary carer of children, separation from their mothers is usually more traumatic than if the father is incarcerated this is of course much worse where the mother is the sole carer. Research has shown that if family ties are maintained, the chances of prisoners re-offending upon release are lowered, so it is important to take measures to try to preserve these ties. Problems in maintaining these links includeDoing so through letters is hard for those with low literacy skills, and self vidently problematic in relation to young children.Overcoming what is often a greater distance between the woman and her family.11. Specific groups of prisoners.Foreign nationals. Foreign national women prisoners may be either resi dent or non-resident in the country where they are imprisoned. Common difficulties may be faced by both male and female foreign national prisoners, such as problems relating to lyric poem and misunderstandings surrounding the customs and cultures of the host country, which may lead to isolation. In prisons where the prisoners are dependent on external assistance, whether for basics such as food, hygiene products and clothing, or for small luxuries, women without family at hand to visit not only face the direct problems of not having such items, but are vulnerable to exploitation by other prisoners or prison guards in order to receive the necessities for living.Foreign national women who are not resident in the country of imprisonment may often be very far away from their children and families, causing them anguish and anxiety. Their children may not have the financial means to come and visit them. send for calls may be prohibitively expensive for both the mother and her children a nd difficult to arrange because of time differences. If the children are too young to read and write, then chat via letters is not an option.Many women foreign nationals in prison are there for drug smuggling and may have left their children in the unpredictable care of friends or family, expecting to return in a few days. Imprisonment may put a womans family (children and others) in significant danger from the people who employed her to smuggle drugs. Resident foreign national women can face deportation when they have completed their sentence, which means further separation from their families, or their having to relocate as well.Transgender prisoners. Transgender prisoners face particular difficulties and pose special challenges to the prison system precisely because of the question as to their classification as male or female prisoners.racial minorities/ indigenous prisoners. In many countries with indigenous populations, indigenous women represent the fastest growing segment o f the prison population. Their double minority status within the prison system, being both indigenous and women, means that where training and other programmes exist they may have to choose between those intended for indigenous men or for non-indigenous women. They may also have different needs from other women prisoners.12. Post-release issues. Women leaving prison receive varying degrees of support from the prison and social services. They may face many problems in addition to the pressures which may have caused them to commit their initial crime, such as getting a job, finding accommodation, staying drug or alcohol free and regaining custody of children who have been in state care during their imprisonment. Even a short prison term may lead to the mother losing the rented accommodation in which she had been living, and it is common for a mother to be unable to regain custody of her children if she does not have anywhere to live. This makes it very difficult for women to take nor mal lives outside of prison, and may be a factor which contributes to re-offending.Although all released prisoners face issues surrounding their efforts to reintegrate into society, for parents these may be compounded by the need to reconcile with children who may have changed (as well as grown up) during their absence. These children may have taken on new roles in the family and developed close relation-ships with alternate(a) carers, both of which can cause tension if the returning parent tries to go back to the way things were. Reoffending by parents can also have a destroy impact on their children, as they lose their parent for a second time.As it was written above, the female population in the U.S. prison is escalating faster than the male population. According to statistics, the U.S. has 10 times more women in prison than the combined nations of Western Europe. (http//www-personal.umich.edu/lormand/agenda/0107/womenprison.htm. Phillis Engelbert, Women inPrison, Agenda, July/ August 2001).Women are sent to prison for different crimes, but there they need a specialized care and treatment. A lot of women have drug and alcohol problems and need to be treated accordingly. A lot of women in prison have children and this is one more reason for special treatment.

Evaluation of Materials Management Information System

Evaluation of substantives perplexity study arrangingExecutive SummaryThe purpose of this publish is to assess the effectiveness of the existing Materials Management System (MMS) in ABC Construction, identify the gaps in business processes and define user needs and stakeholders expectations concerning the death penalty of new Information System (IS) proposed by the Modernization Committee of the conjunction.Field study and research done questionnaires showed that there were major failures in the existing MMS in the field of planning, tracking and inventory of somatics and equipment. There was no integrated automated control over the materials planning process. vendors and Suppliers informationbases were poor. Tracking of materials was processed through MS pass spreadsheet making the expediting of Suppliers submissions inefficient as some meters the data was simply lost which led to mismatch surrounded by the Company and Suppliers data in the context of spoken communicat ion status.The control and monitoring of the materials in stock was characterized by inefficient inventory paperwork. The overall MMS documentation was not comprehensive enough provoking heavy workload, manual of arms verification of the data and unsatisfactory reporting which consequently caused failures to meet construction completion deadlines.The proposed IS black flag MM was critically evaluated as a potential firmness of purpose for the automation of MMS in ABC Construction. Taking into consideration principle business objectives the success of IS was diagnosed by means of IS victor Framework developed by DeLone and McLean ( work out Appendix 1).The outcome of the analysis showed that IS proved to be applicable and could meet the expectations of either old Management or Materials personnel, and to align with the Companys strategy and business objectives. The main(prenominal) processes of Materials Management and the relations between ABC Construction and Vendors/Suppliers keep be efficiently managed and coordinated if proposed IS is implemented.The recommendation to utilize the proposed eject MM for efficient Material Management was animationed. Professional MM IS and speed of execution can provide the Company faster time to market, potential growth as a long-run objective and thus, sustainable future of the business. Further comprehensive financial analysis for IS implementation project will be conducted by the financial Department and presented to stakeholders in order to make final investment decision.IntroductionABC Construction is a medium Russian Construction Company founded in 1995 specializing in cosmopolitan construction, construction solicitude, and design services. It is a material-intensive business in which control over materials undeniable for construction has a major impact on the revenue of the company.In order to access the current performance of Material Management System, identify its inefficiency and define user needs and expectations of the stakeholders with regards to implementation of new proposed Information System (IS) a field study and research through questionnaires were conducted.Based on the results of the interviews and data from the questionnaires of 1 Project Director, 4 Project Managers, 4 Contracts Managers, 5 Chief Engineers, 3 Material Managers and 10 Materials Coordinators the major drawbacks of the existing MMS were identified in the field of planning, tracking and inventory of materials and equipment.The following implications are summarized to describe the outcome of the research with regards to MMS use in the CompanyThere is no efficient automated control over the materials planning process. Vendors and Suppliers database is poor, not up-to-date, not all the required information included. Vendor entropy requirements are not defined in terms of requisitions, package and purchase orders (PO), no materials specifications accessible and deliveries timelines indicated. No comprehe nsive pricing information available in the system.Tracking process of status of materials and equipment deliveries is done through MS Excel spreadsheets making the expediting of Vendor submissions inefficient. A number of Materials Specialists and Coordinators are working on one spreadsheet at the same time and due to human element while transferring data information may be lost. This causes the mismatch between the Company and the Contractors data in terms of materials status.Inefficient control over the materials in stock. Inventory reports are not detailed shortages of materials are not specified and can be depicted by means of PIVOT tables only. Materials Coordinators working in various projects of the Company sometimes do not have enough time for monitoring the stock which can cause such major problems as failures to meet construction completion deadlines and initial budget deficit due to concomitant expenditures caused by damaged/lost or undelivered materials which were not p roperly indicated in craftwork database.The overall MMS documentation is not comprehensive process sheets, inventory records, material requisitions, material call-off schedules, shortage notes, lot tickets, delivery notes and quality test sheets provide incomplete information and you have to take time and refer to an early(a) documents and spreadsheets to find the required information. There are no procedures on document standards between the Company and its vendors/suppliers. Contract Managers are not satisfied with the reporting system which is not sheer(a) enough and is to be developed to better standards.Due to the Companys Modernization Strategy and taking into account the gaps in the existing MMS a standard integrated IS SAP MM (Materials Management) was proposed for implementation within the Company.The main objectives of IS Implementation set by the Senior Management are as followsTo ensure that ABC Construction has the pay material, in the right place, at the right quant ity and price.To develop and unify materials related procedures and make materials purchase, transfer and receipt clear for all involved parties.To continue competitive in construction market and build a sustainable future.Analysis and ImplicationsIn order to assess the integral ERP solution SAP MM (module that is used for Procurement Handling and Inventory Management) was reviewed to evaluate the applicability of IS to meet the requirements of the stipulated business objectives. IS was inspected through the application of the success metrics specified in Updated IS victor Model developed by DeLone and McLean.SAP MM success valuation based upon success metrics aligned with stakeholders expectations is indicated in the table below.IS Success Dimensions cherished QualitiesPreliminary Assessment of SAP MM1Information QualityUsabilityInformation is comprehensive and complete.Consistent track of historical data.Availability / ReliabilityData can be accessed from multiple geographical locations, IS stable and reliable.AdaptabilityIS flexible architecture with high scalability.Response timeReal-time application, response time is short.2System QualityContent PersonalizedClear definition of user access rights.CompletenessIS covers all stages from Planning to Procurement and Warehousing (see Appendix 2).High integration with other ERP systems.RelevantSingle data storage with the relevant data.SecureR/3, 3-tier architecture database, application server and client, all data stores on server side.Encrypted client-server data transfer.3Service QualityAssuranceIS if fully integrated and do not require additional adaptation.Developer Support24/7 helpdesk.Easy upstage administration options.4UsageSimplicity of operationBasic training usually takes 5-10 days.User-friendly interface.Quick Access to the most updated data.5User atonementBusiness purposesorientationSAP MM is able to provide the required graphs and analytics for planning, tracking and inventory reporting struct ures are clear and easy to reconfigure.6Net benefitsbetter Cost ControlIS lowers total cost of ownership with a scalable and flexible solution that enables to implement enterprise-wide changes and deploy them globally.IS improves efficiency with a solution that has the functionality to support the business processes.Improved Strategic and Operational ProcurementIS optimizes vendor base, improves inventory turnover and cycle times, and reduces operational costs.IS covers all tasks within the supply chain, including consumption-based planning, planning, vendor evaluation and invoice verification. It also includes inventory and warehouse management to manage stock until usage dictates the cycle should begin again.Electronic Kanban/Just-in-Time delivery is supported.Information transparencyIS enables management oversight support overall decision-making processes.IS facilitates time saving.One of the main objectives of the capabilities of described IS is to improve streamline collaborati on between the Materials Department and its suppliers while drastically fall procurement and inventory costs and maximizing the value of relationships on both sides. Thus, the supplier participation and automation of cross-company processes are increase which leads to enhancing the supply chain visibility, to increasing the overall speed accuracy, and adaptability of Vendors which is vital for construction field.Proposed IS can improve and simplify the inventory procedures and control over stock in the Company. IS Supplier portal persona is available. That eliminates manual data entry, improves internal and external communications and reduces errors and process costs. IS provides the required transparency of the Material Management processes and Supplier/Vendor base visibility enabling companies to monitor and evaluate suppliers with real-time performance feedback.The following expectations of the Company can be met if proposed IS is implementedAutomation, simplification and acce leration of Material Management processes.Less mismatching between Supplier/Vendor and the Companys status documentationAccurate and detailed information on Supplier/Vendor abilities and rates.Improved reporting system and configuration of the reports per requirements of Senior Management, Materials Staff and Financial Dept.Lowered procurement and inventory costs improved asset utilization. reduce risk of supply and delays through the efficient IS electronic tracking.Reduced downtime overtime paperwork, adjustment and compilation of the forms.RecommendationsBased on the results of SAP MM critical evaluation the IS proves to be applicable in order to develop or replace the existing MMS in ABC Construction and to meet the expectations of either Senior Management or Materials personnel, and to align with the Companys strategy and business objectives. The principal processes of Materials Management can be fully monitored and controlled if proposed IS is implemented.Therefore, the recom mendation to utilize the proposed SAP MM for efficient Material Management is supported. To build a sustainable future and to carry on competitive in construction market the materials and equipment as well as relations of ABC Construction with Vendors/Suppliers can be efficiently managed and coordinated through proposed SAP MM. Professional MM IS and speed of execution can provide the Company with faster time to market and potential growth of business as a long-term objective.Further comprehensive financial assessment in terms of costs and commercial value, benefits and risks of the IS implementation project is to be conducted by the Financial Department and presented to stakeholders in order to make final investment decision. Microsoft Rapid Economic Justification (REJ) Framework can be recommended for further reference see Figure below.Bibliography1. Bancroft NH, Sep H, Sprengel A., 1998, Implementing SAP R/3 (2nd edn.), Manning Publications Greenwich, CT.2. Carr N.G., IT Doesnt Matter, Harvard Business Review, 2003.3. DeLone, W.H., and McLean, E.R., 2003, The DeLone and McLean Model of Information System Success A Ten-Year Update, Journal of MIS, vol. 19,no.4, pp. 9-30.4. DeLone, W.H., and McLean, E.R., 1992, Information systems success The quest for the dependent variable, Information Systems Research, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 60-95.5. Microsoft (2010). Build an airtight business case for new IT investments, 2005. Online. Available from http//www.microsoft.com/business/enterprise/value.mspx Accessed 15 January 20106. SAP (2010) Workload Overview. Online.Available from http//help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04/helpdata/en/21/2c8f38c7215428e10000009b38f8cf/content.htm Accessed 14 January 20107. SAP (2010) MM Overview. Online.Available from http//www.docstoc.com Accessed 12 January 20108. Seddon, P.B. Staples, D.S. Patnayakuni, R. and Bowtell, M.J., The dimensions of information systems success. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 2, art. 20. Retr ieved January 10, 2010, from www.clemson.edu9. Skok, W., and Kalmanovitch, C., 2005, Evaluating the Role and Effectiveness of an Intranet in facilitating friendship Management, Information Management, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 731-744.10. Skok, W., and Legge, M., 2002, Evaluating Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems using an Interpretive Approach, Knowledge and Process Management, vol.9, no. 2, pp. 72-82.11. Skok, W., Kophamel, A., and Richardson, I., 2001, Diagnosing Information Systems Success Importance-Performance Maps in the Health Club Industry, Information and Management, vol.38, no. 7, pp. 409-419.12. Willcocks, L.P., and Lester, S (eds.), 1999, Beyond the IT Productivity Paradox, Wiley. Chichester.

Romanticism Arts Essay examples -- essays research papers

Sensation, imagination, and judgment are interrelated in the ensure of art. Burke explains how sensation, imagination, and judgment determine the experience of pleasure and pain, and how pleasure and pain are represented by the aesthetic concepts of beauty and sublimity.     Burke says that, in order to understand the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful, we must examine the experience of pain and pleasure.      Romantic painter Caspar David Friedrich has a painting that will leave viewers in thought. His painting, The Wanderer at the Sea of Fog, leaves us to ponder what has happened. We see a man, wearing all black, standing on a ledge of rocks. He gazes out into a beautiful open sky, slimly cloudy, with the sun setting. There is an orange haze left as the reflection of the sun fills the sky. However, we cannot see his face. We do not know his facial expression, if he is sad, or if he just wanted to see the view.   &nbs p       The dying of pleasure may result in a state of indifference, disappointment, or grief. On the other hand, the end of pain may result in a state of indifference, happiness, or delight. Burke uses the term "delight" to refer to a pleasure which is caused by the remotion of pain, while he uses the term "joy" to refer to a pleasure which arises in and of itself. As I look at this painting, I try and oddment if this painting h...

The One-Drop Rule Essay -- Racial Issues

The growth in the multiracial population in the United States of America since the 1970s has greatly increased and is continue to increase. Although the number of biracial and multiracial Americans is relatively small to the total population at 5 million, the multiracial population is growing at a come in of ten times faster than that of the White population (Stuckey 2008). These facts werent officially known until the United States governments verdict to allow individuals to claim three-fold races on the 2000 US census. Along with these aspects, the increased exposure of multiracial public figures and celebrities such as Tiger Woods, Halle Berry, and Barack Obama, has caused the focus of public discussion and scholarly concern on multiracial people to increase greatly. Much of this discussion focuses on racial identity. Racial personal identity is put to question in censuses and other polls, applications, and in personal meetings. When it comes to answering in these situations I believe most biracial White-Black people internally identify as Black, and describe how both Blacks and Whites see them as Black. I argue that the one-drop rule still shapes racial identity. Blacks and Whites first began mixing significantly in America in the 17th and 18th centuries, between African slaves and the European indentured servants. Fearing that these interracial relationships would tarnish the purity of the White race, states passed laws in the 1660s to prohibit interracial marriage. Despite these strict anti miscegenation laws, the relationships continued, sometimes with consent and other times through force, as White slave owners often raped their Black female slaves. As a result, many multiracial children were born as the circumstance of bru... ...h to Understanding the Racial Identification of Multiracial adolescents. Conference PapersAmerican Sociological Association, 1-22Pearlmann, J. and Mary Waters. 2002. The New Race interview How the Census Counts Multirac ial Individuals. New York Russell Sage Foundation.Qian, Zhenchao. 2004. Options Racial/Ethnic Identification of Children of Intermarried Couples. Social Science Quarterly 8574665.Rockquemore, Kerry Ann, and David L. Brunsma. 2002a. Beyond Black Biracial Identity in America. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Roth, W. 2005. The End of the One-Drop rule? Labeling of Multiracial children in Black Inermarriages. Sociological Forum, 20(1), 35-67Stuckey, M. (2008, May 28). Multiracial americans surge in number, voice. Retrieved from http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24542138/ns/us_news-gut_check/t/multiracial-americans-surge-number-voice/

Present the way in which imprisonment is presented in The Bell Jar Essa

Present the way in which imprisonment is presented in The Bell Jar The bell jar is an inverted glass jar, generally utilise to scupper an object of scientific curiosity.Present the way in which imprisonment is presented in The Bell JarThe bell jar is an inverted glass jar, generally used to display anobject of scientific curiosity, contain a certain kind of gas, ormaintain a vacuum. For Esther, the bell jar symbolizes madness. Whengripped by insanity, she feels as if she is inside(a) an airless jar thatdistorts her perspective on the world and prevents her from connectingwith the people around her. At the end of the novel, the bell jar haslifted, but she can sense that it fluent hovers over her, waiting todrop at any moment.The narrative technique used in The Bell Jar is a first personnarrative. flat away we get the idea of imprisonment throughelements of the unhappy narrative voice in the early chapters. Thefirst fourth dimension of Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar alerts the indor ser to theconflicts that will be dealt with in this semi-autobiographical novelIt was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted theRosenbergs, and I didnt know what I was doing in New York. Thespeaker will promise us in the next few sentences that she is stupidand that she feels sick, and that she is preoccupied with death.Like Holden Caulfield in Catcher in the Rye, this young, college age,girl-woman is experiencing an adolescent crisis. When Esther Greenwoodtells us in the first sentence that this is the summer theyelectrocuted the Rosenbergs, we get a picture not only of thatsummers being nauseating, sultry, and death-oriented, but that thisyoung girls attitudes and life experiences are ... ...e Plath uses characters such as buddy Willard, employa clever writing technique to show his relationship with others, howpeople viewed him, his actions and physical description. Through Buddywe can have a better reasonableness of Esthers situation. Plath usesthe technique of flashback for suspense and to delay the plot. A lotof similes and metaphors are used to contribute to imprisonment. Forexample similes reflecting the 1950s yellow as cinnamon.Overall, I think that Plath is trying to convey the idea that womenwere being placed in a constricted role in society live as if in abell jar, able to see the outside world of exciting work andself-determined men, but unable to live it. People suffering fromemotional affection are also living as if under a bell jar, isolatedfrom others and unable to escape the distortions of their view of theworld.

Income and Population Age Structure Essay -- Economics Income GNP Essa

Income and Population mature StructureA) Relationship between per capita gross national product and tribe growthgross national product is the value of all final goods and services produced in aneconomy over a period of one year. Thus per capita gross national product is the divisionof value of goods and services available to each person in a country,i.e. it is the per head income in a country. And population growth isthe rate, by which population grows in an economy.From the above drawn diagrams it can be said that the higher thepopulation growth rate the subvert the per capita GNP and vice versa.This is due to the situation that if the population increases at a fasterrate the GNP will spread over a cock-a-hoop number of people thus cut downthe value of the Gross National Product per head. Similarly if thepopulation grows at a slower rate the GNP is spread over fewer amountof people thus increasing the value of the Gross National Product perhead.To further illustrate this we c an germinate into consideration countrieslike Jordan which has a comparatively high population growth rate of a4.9 and a per capita GNP of onl... Income and Population Age Structure Essay -- Economics Income GNP EssaIncome and Population Age StructureA) Relationship between per capita GNP and population growthGNP is the value of all final goods and services produced in aneconomy over a period of one year. Thus per capita GNP is the divisionof value of goods and services available to each person in a country,i.e. it is the per head income in a country. And population growth isthe rate, by which population grows in an economy.From the above drawn diagrams it can be said that the higher thepopulation growth rate the lower the per capita GNP and vice versa.This is due to the fact that if the population increases at a fasterrate the GNP will spread over a large number of people thus reducingthe value of the Gross National Product per head. Similarly if thepopulation grow s at a slower rate the GNP is spread over fewer numbersof people thus increasing the value of the Gross National Product perhead.To further illustrate this we can take into consideration countrieslike Jordan which has a relatively high population growth rate of a4.9 and a per capita GNP of onl...